Stress, personality and coping strategies are important determinants of drug using behaviour. To observe the differences between drug users and non users on such factors, the study was conducted. 240 adolescent male students from different schools and colleges of Punjab with age range 16-25 years from middle class socioeconomic background were the sample. Results indicated higher perceived stress in drug users than non users. It was also found that drug users were higher in neuroticism, extraversion, openness and conscientiousness, but on agreeableness no significant difference was found. Significant differences were also found on coping strategies. Drug users score higher on denial, projection and regression but lower on isolation and turning against self than non users.
Published in | Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (Volume 4, Issue 6) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.pbs.20150406.11 |
Page(s) | 194-203 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Stress, Personality, Coping, Drug Use
[1] | Abraham, J., Chandrasekaran, R. and Chitralekha, V.(1997). A Prospective study of treatment outcome in alcohol dependence from a deaddiction centre in india. Indian J Psychiatry. Jan-Mar; 39(1): 18–23. |
[2] | Anda, R. F., Croft, J. B., Felitti, V. J., Nordenberg, D., Giles, W. H., Williamson, D. F., Giovino, G. A. (1999). Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. JAMA., 1999 Nov 3;282(17):1652-8. |
[3] | Bachman, J. G., Wadsworth, K. N., O’Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., Schulenberg, J. E. (1997). Smoking, drinking and drug use in young adulthood: The impacts of new freedoms and new responsibilities. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. |
[4] | Bandura, A., (1978). Self Efficacy towards a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84 (191-215). |
[5] | Barrett, M.E. and Joe, G.W. (1990). Availability of drugs and psychological proneness in opioid addiction. The International Journal of Addiction, 25, (1212). |
[6] | Beutler, L. E., Moos, R. H., & Lane, G. (2003). Coping, treatment planning, and treatment outcome: Discussion. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(10), 1151-1167. |
[7] | Bhasi, S. (1992). A Study of Personality, Social identity and self esteem of drug dependent individuals. Unpublished M. Phil Dissertation, Banglore University. |
[8] | Broome, K. M., Simpson, D. D., & Joe, G. W. (2002). The role of social support following shortterm inpatient treatment. The American Journal on Addictions, 11(1), 57-65. |
[9] | Brooner, R.K., Herbst, J.H., Schmidt, C.W., Bigelow, G.E., & Costa, P.T. (1993). Antisocial personality disorder among drug abusers. Relations to other personality diagnosis and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 313-319. |
[10] | Brown, S. A. (1989). Life events of adolescents in relation to personal and parental substance abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 484-489. |
[11] | Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. (1975) Relationships of cessation of smoking with job stress, personality, and social support. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 60(2), Apr, 211-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0076471. |
[12] | Caplan, R.D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., Van Harrison, R., & Pinneau, S. R. (1975). Job demands and worker health. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research. |
[13] | Cerbone, F. G., & Larison, M. A. (2000). A bibliographic essay: The relationship between stress and substance use. Substance Use & Misuse 35(5), 757-786. |
[14] | Charu Dubey, Meenakshi Arora, Sanjay Gupta, and Bipin Kumar. (2010). Five Factor Correlates: A Comparison of Substance Abusers and Non-Substance Abusers. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, January 2010, Vol.36, No.1, 107-114. |
[15] | Chassin, L., Barrera, M., and Motogomery, H. (1997). Parent alcoholism as a risk factor. In S. Walchik and L. Sandler (Eds). Handbook of Children's Coping, New York (101-130). |
[16] | Chassin, L., Presson, C., Pitts, S. and Sherman, S.J. (2000). The natural history of cigarette smoking from adolescence to adulthood in a mid-western community sample. Multiple trajectories and their psychosocial correlates. Health Psychology, 19 (223-231). |
[17] | Chopra, G.S. (1979). Man and Marijuana. The International Journal of Addictions, 4, 215-247. |
[18] | Chung, T., Martin, C. S., Grella, C. E., Winters, K. C., Abrantes, A. M., Brown, S. A. (2003) Course of alcohol problems in treated adolescents. Alcsm Clin. Exp. Res.; 27:253–261. [PubMed]. |
[19] | Cloninger, C. (1987). Neurogenetic Adaptive Mechanisms in Alcoholism. 236, (410-416). |
[20] | Cloninger, C.R. (1987). A systematic method far clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44 (573-588). |
[21] | Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386-396 (The PSS Scale is reprinted with permission of the American Sociological Association). |
[22] | Cohen, N.L., Ross, E.C., Bagbay, M.R., Parvolden,P., & Kennedy, S.H. (2004). The five factor model of personality and antidepressant medication compliance. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 106-113. |
[23] | Cook, M., Young, A., Taylor, D. B., Anthony P. (1998). Personality Correlates of Alcohol Consumption. Personality & Individual Differences. 24(5), 641-647. |
[24] | Costa, P., and McCrae, R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO personality inventory (NEO-FFI) Manual. Udessa FL: Psychological Assessment Services. |
[25] | Costa, P.T., Jr. and McCrae, R.R. (1992). Five factors are basic personality and individual differences, 13 (653-665). |
[26] | Costa, P.T.; Jr., and McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality inventary (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEC FFI). Professional Manual, Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. |
[27] | Costa, P. T.; McCrae, R. R. (1976). "Age differences in personality structure: A cluster analytic approach". Journal of gerontology 31 (5): 564–570. |
[28] | Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO personality inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. |
[29] | Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. |
[30] | Cox, W.M., and Klinger, E. (1988). A motivational model of Alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, (168-80). |
[31] | Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440. |
[32] | Donovan, D., Marlatt, G.(1980).Assessment of expectancies and behaviors associated with alcohol consumption. A cognitive-behavioral approach. Journal of studies on alcohol, 12, 41(11); 1153- 85: DOI: 10.15288/jsa.1980.41.1153. Source: PubMed. |
[33] | Dorus, W., & Senay, E.C. 1980). Depression, demographic dimensions and drug abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 699-704. |
[34] | Dugan, S., Lloyd, B., & Lucas, K. (1999). Stress and coping as determinants of adolescent smoking behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 870–888. |
[35] | Ebile, J.C., & Pela, D.A. (1981). Some aspects of drug use among students in Benin City-Nigeria. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 8, 265-275. |
[36] | Eskay, R.L.; Chautard, T.; Torda, T.; & Hwang, D. (1993).The effects of alcohol on selected regulatory aspects of the stress axis. In: Zakhari, S., ed. Alcohol and the Endocrine System. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Research Monograph No. 23. Bethesda, MD: the Institute. |
[37] | Eysenck H.J., and Eysenck M.W. (1979). Personality and individual difference: A Natural Science Approach, New York: Plenum. |
[38] | Eysenck, H.J. (1967). The Biological Basis of Personality. Spring field, IL : Charles C Thomas. |
[39] | Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards V, Koss, M. P., Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med, May; 14(4): 245-58. |
[40] | Fisher, L.A., Elias, J.W., & Ritz, K. (1998).Predicting relapse to substance abuse as a function of personality dimension. Alcohol Clinical Experimental Research, 22, 1047-1049. |
[41] | Flory, K., Lynam, D., Milich, R., Leukefeld, C., & Clayton, R. (2002). The relationship among personality, symptoms of alcohol and marijuana abuse, and symptoms of comorbid psychopathology: Results from a community sample. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10, 425-434. |
[42] | Freud, S. (1937). Analysis terminable and interminable, Int. J., Psycho-Anal; 18:373- 405. |
[43] | Fromme, K. and Rivet, K. (1994).Young adults’ Coping Style as a Predictor of their Alcohol use in Response to Daily Events. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23, 85-97. |
[44] | Glenn, H. Stephen (1987). Substance Dependence (in) Link, William, E. Supra note 6 at (P-43). |
[45] | Goeders, E. (2003). The impact of stress on addiction. European Neuro psychopharmacology, 13(6), 435-441. |
[46] | Goldstein, A and Kalant, H. (1990).Drug policy: Striking the right balance, Science, Sep, 28; 249(4976);1513-21. |
[47] | Gunthey, R.K., and Jain, M. (1997). Neurotic problems and feelings of lnsecurity among high and low drug addicts. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. Jan-Jul; 23(1-2): 55-57. |
[48] | Hyman, S. M., & Sinha, R. (2009). Stress-related factors in cannabis use and misuse: Implications for prevention and treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36(4), 400-413. |
[49] | Isbell, H. (1981). What to know about Drug Addiction. Public Health Service publication, 90. |
[50] | Jackson, C.P., & Matthews, G. (1988). The prediction of habitual alcohol use from alcohol related expectancies and personality. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 23, 58- 63. |
[51] | Jaffe, J.H. (1991). Drug addiction and drug Abuse. In Gilman, A.G., Rall, T.W. and Nies, A.S. (eds.) Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutica, Pergamon Press, (8th eds.) (522-573). |
[52] | King, J., Beals, J., Manson, S. M., & Trimble, J. E. (1992). A structural equation model of factors related to substanuce use among American Indian adolescents. Drugs & Society, 6(3-4), 253-268. |
[53] | Koval, J. J., Peterson, L. L. (1999). Stress-coping and other psychosocial risk factors: A model for smoking in grade 6 students. Addictive Behaviors, 24, 207– 218.10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00037-9[PubMed]. |
[54] | Lather AS; Vasudeva P; Verma P, G.(1997). A study of drug abuse among students as related to personality variables. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. Jan-Jul; 23(1-2): 43-49. |
[55] | Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing. |
[56] | Malouff, J.M., Thorsteinsson, E.B., Rooke, S.A., & Schutte, N.S. (2007). Alcohol Involvement and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Drug Education, 37, 277-294. |
[57] | Mani, K. (1961). A comparative study of murderers and violent criminals wing Eysenck Personality Inventory. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6 (41-44). |
[58] | Martin, E.D., & Sher, K.J. (1994).Family history of alcoholism, alcohol use disorders and the Five Factor Model of Personality. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55, 81-90. |
[59] | McClleland, D., Davis, W., Kalin, R., and Wanner, E. (1972). The Drinking Man. New York: Free Press, pp xiv+402. |
[60] | McGue, M. (1995) Mediator and Moderators of alcoholism inheritance. In J.R. Turner, I.R. Cardon, and J.K. Hewitt (Ed.), Behaviour Genetic Approaches in behavioural Medicine, New York (17-44). |
[61] | McGue, M., Slutske, W., Taylor, J., and Lacono, W.C. (1997). Personality and Substance use disorders: I Effect of gender and alcoholism subtype. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21, (513-520). |
[62] | Michels, J. P., Johnson, P. N., Mallin, R., Thomhill, J. T., Sharma, S., Gonzales, H., Kellet, R. (1999). Coping Strategies of Alcoholic Women, Substance Abuse, Dec., Vol. 20, issue 4, pp 237-248. |
[63] | Miller, WR. Sanchez, VC. (1993). Motivating young adults for treatment and lifestyle change. In: Howard G., editor. Issues in alcohol use and misuse in young adults. University of Notre Dame Press; pp.55–82. |
[64] | Nathan, P. (1988). The addictive personality is the behaviour of the addict, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, (186-188). |
[65] | Nishith, Pallavi, Mueser, K.T., Gupta, and Prabha (1994). Personality and hallucinogen abuse in a college population from India. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, (561-563). |
[66] | Patton, G. C., Hibbert, M. E., Carlin, J., Shao, Q., Rosier, M., Caust, J. & Bowes, G. (1996), ‘Menarche and the onset of depression and anxiety in Victoria, Australia’, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 50, pp. 661–66. |
[67] | Pickens, R. W., Svikis, D. S., McGue, M., Lykken, D. T., Heston, L. L., Clayton, P. J.(1999). Heterogeneity in the inheritance of alcoholism. A study of male and female twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry, Jan; 48(1); 19-28. |
[68] | Pohorecky, L.A. (1991). Stress and alcohol interaction: An update of human research. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 15(3): 438-459. |
[69] | Pollack, D. (1966). Coping and avoidance in inebriated alcoholics and normals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 41 7-419. |
[70] | Porrata, J.L., & Rosa, A. (2000). Personality and psychopathology of drug addicts in Puerto Rico. Psychological Reports, 86, 275-280. |
[71] | Rankin, H., Stockwell, T., & Hodgson, R. (1982). Personality and alcohol dependence. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 145-151. |
[72] | Schuster, C. (1992). Drug seeking behaviour: Implications for theories of drug dependence. In Edwards, G. and Lader, M. (Eds), The Nature of Drug Dependence, Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
[73] | Schutz, W. (1978). Manual of the coping preference enquiry. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press. |
[74] | Segrin, C., Menees, M. M. (1996) The impact of coping styles and family communication on the social skills of children of alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol. Jan; 57(1): 29-33. |
[75] | Shanmugan, E.T. (1979). Personality factors underlying drug abuse among college students, Psychological Studies, 24, 24-34. |
[76] | Sher, K.J. (1991). Children of Alcoholics: A Critical Approach of Theory and Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. |
[77] | Sher, K. J., Bartholow, B. D., Wood, M. D. (2000). Personality and substance use disorders: a prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol. Oct; 68(5): 818-29. |
[78] | Sher, K.J., and Trull, T.J. (1994). Personality and disinhibitory psychopathology: Alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, (92-102). |
[79] | Shiffman, S., Gnyys, M., Richards, T.J., Paty, J. A., Hickcox, M., Kassel, J. D., (1996). Temptations to Smoke After Quitting: A comparison of Lapsers and Maintainers. Health Psychology, Nov., Vol. 15, No. 6, 455-461. |
[80] | Singh, U.P., and Akthar, S.N. (1971). Criminal and non criminals: A comparative study of their personality. Indian Journal of clinical Psychology, 46, (257-263). |
[81] | Sinha, R. (2008). Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1141, 105-130. |
[82] | Siqueira L., Diab M., Bodian C., Rolnitzky L. (2000). Adolescents become smokers: The roles of stress and coping methods. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27, 399– 408.10.1016/s1054-139x(00)00167-1 [PubMed]. |
[83] | Skinner HA (1982). The Drug Abuse Screening Test. Addict Behav 7(4):363-371. |
[84] | Skinner, H. A. and Allen, B. A. (1982).Alcohol dependence syndrome: measurement and validation. J Abnorm Psychol. Jun; 91(3): 199-209. |
[85] | Tarter, R.E. (1988). Are there inherited traits that predispose to substance abuse? Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 56, (189-196). |
[86] | Tarter, R.E., Alterman, A.I. & Edward, K.L. (1985). Vulnerability to alcoholism in men: a behavior-genetic perspective, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 46, 329- 356. |
[87] | Tellegen, A. (1991). Personality traits: Issues of definition, evidence, and assessment. In W. M. Grove & D. Cicchetti (Eds.), Thinking clearly about psychology. Vol. 2. Personality and psychopathology (pp. 10–35). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. |
[88] | Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Jr., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L., & Rich, S. (1988). Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personalitya nd Social Psychology, 54, 1031-1039. |
[89] | Tsigos, C., & Chrousos, G.P.(1995). The neuroendocrinology of the stress response. In: Hunt, W., & Zakhari, S., eds. Stress, Gender, and Alcohol-Seeking Behavior. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Research Monograph No. 29. Bethesda, MD: the Institute. |
[90] | Tucker, J. S., Ellickson, P. L., Orlando, M., Martino, S. C., Klein, D. J. (2005). Substance use trajectories from early adolescence to emerging adulthood: A comparison of smoking, binge drinking, and marijuana use. J. Drug Issues. 35: 307–332. |
[91] | Tylor, D.N., Delpilar, J. (1992). Self esteem, anxiety and drug use. Psychological Reports, 71, (896-898). |
[92] | Walton, K.E., & Roberts, B.W. (2004). On the relationship between substance use and personality traits: Abstainers are not maladjusted. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 515-535. |
[93] | Wand, G.S., & Dobs, A.S. (1991). Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in actively drinking alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 72(6): 1290-1295. |
[94] | WHO Expert Committee On Dependence Producing Drug. (1964). 14th Report, No 312 Geneva (9).WHO. Techn. Res. Ser. No.886: 1999. p. 48. |
[95] | Wilker, L. (1980). Opioid Dependence, New York: Plenum Press. |
[96] | Will, T.A., McNamara, G., Vaccaro, D., and Hisky. E. (1996). Escalating substance use. A longitudinal grouping analysis from early to middle adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, (166-180). |
[97] | Wills, T.A., Vaccoro, D., and McNamara, G. (1992). The role of life events family support, and competence in adolescent substance use: A test of vulnerability and protective factors. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, (349-374). |
APA Style
Harish Kumar Sharma, Jaspreet Singh. (2015). To Study the Difference in Drug Users & Non Users for Stress, Personality, & Coping Strategies. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 4(6), 194-203. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20150406.11
ACS Style
Harish Kumar Sharma; Jaspreet Singh. To Study the Difference in Drug Users & Non Users for Stress, Personality, & Coping Strategies. Psychol. Behav. Sci. 2015, 4(6), 194-203. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20150406.11
AMA Style
Harish Kumar Sharma, Jaspreet Singh. To Study the Difference in Drug Users & Non Users for Stress, Personality, & Coping Strategies. Psychol Behav Sci. 2015;4(6):194-203. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20150406.11
@article{10.11648/j.pbs.20150406.11, author = {Harish Kumar Sharma and Jaspreet Singh}, title = {To Study the Difference in Drug Users & Non Users for Stress, Personality, & Coping Strategies}, journal = {Psychology and Behavioral Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {194-203}, doi = {10.11648/j.pbs.20150406.11}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20150406.11}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.pbs.20150406.11}, abstract = {Stress, personality and coping strategies are important determinants of drug using behaviour. To observe the differences between drug users and non users on such factors, the study was conducted. 240 adolescent male students from different schools and colleges of Punjab with age range 16-25 years from middle class socioeconomic background were the sample. Results indicated higher perceived stress in drug users than non users. It was also found that drug users were higher in neuroticism, extraversion, openness and conscientiousness, but on agreeableness no significant difference was found. Significant differences were also found on coping strategies. Drug users score higher on denial, projection and regression but lower on isolation and turning against self than non users.}, year = {2015} }
TY - JOUR T1 - To Study the Difference in Drug Users & Non Users for Stress, Personality, & Coping Strategies AU - Harish Kumar Sharma AU - Jaspreet Singh Y1 - 2015/12/05 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20150406.11 DO - 10.11648/j.pbs.20150406.11 T2 - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences JF - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences JO - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences SP - 194 EP - 203 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-7845 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20150406.11 AB - Stress, personality and coping strategies are important determinants of drug using behaviour. To observe the differences between drug users and non users on such factors, the study was conducted. 240 adolescent male students from different schools and colleges of Punjab with age range 16-25 years from middle class socioeconomic background were the sample. Results indicated higher perceived stress in drug users than non users. It was also found that drug users were higher in neuroticism, extraversion, openness and conscientiousness, but on agreeableness no significant difference was found. Significant differences were also found on coping strategies. Drug users score higher on denial, projection and regression but lower on isolation and turning against self than non users. VL - 4 IS - 6 ER -