Food deficiency, particularly protein-calorie malnutrition is a concern in many countries in Africa and Asia. An exhaustive survey of recent research efforts to alleviate the problem has been made. A due appraisal of the existing information has been given. Appraisal and critical analysis of the existing information has been discussed with reference to: techniques and methodology employed to understand and manipulate metabolism; inter-relationships between different nutrient sources, translocation of water and nutrients and utilization by different sinks; biochemical composition of seeds; seed storage protein fractions; amino acid deficiencies and human nutrition; inorganic nitrogen assimilation; symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation; ammonia assimilation; amide versus ureide transport; composition of xylem and phloem saps; biochemical changes during leaf senescence; metabolic reworking of amino acids; cell division and cell expansion during seed development; determinate and indeterminate cultivars; crop performance under varying cultural and environmental conditions; harvest index; yield compensatory mechanisms; combining conventional and modern approaches and complementation of agriculture with animal husbandry. Based on the existing data, possible ways of future planning have been highlighted. Need for public and national awareness has been emphasized with respect to assessing priorities of nutritional needs; resorting to complementary/supplementary food items; recommended daily dietary requirements; increased utilization of land towards agriculture and /or animal husbandry and the need for international aid.
| Published in | Plant (Volume 8, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.plant.20200802.11 |
| Page(s) | 17-30 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Malnutrition, Nitrogen Metabolism, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Seed Storage Proteins, Genetic Engineering, Future Planning, Public Awareness
| [1] | Aard de JongMaaike Nieuwland 14th December (2010). Literature study on the properties of Rubisco-TNO report V9436; 34 pages. |
| [2] | Aluko, R. E. (2017). Hemp Seed (Cannabis sativa L.) Proteins. Sustainable Protein Sources, 121–132. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802778-3.00007-x |
| [3] | Aoyagi, T., Kobayashi, M., & Kozaki, A. (2018). Design of a Seed-Specific Chimeric Promoter with a Modified Expression Profile to Improve Seed Oil Content. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19: 1667-1678. |
| [4] | Bourgis, F. et al (1999). S-Methylmethionine Plays a Major Role in Phloem Sulfur Transport and Is Synthesized by a Novel Type of Methyltransferase. The Plant Cell Online, 11: 1485–1498. |
| [5] | Bojórquez-Velázquez, E., Barrera-Pacheco, A., Espitia-Rangel, E., Herrera-Estrella, A., & Barba de la Rosa, A. P. (2019). Protein analysis reveals differential accumulation of late embryogenesis abundant and storage proteins in seeds of wild and cultivated amaranth species. BMC Plant Biology, 19 (1) article number 59. |
| [6] | Boyer, S & Shotwell, Mark and Larkins, Brian. (1992). Evidence for the translational control of storage protein gene expression in oat seeds. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 17449-17457. |
| [7] | Balint, T., and Rengel, Z. (2011). Amino acid composition of xylem and phloem sap varies in canola genotypes differing in nitrogen- and sulfur-use efficiency. Crop and Pasture Science, 62: 198.-207. |
| [8] | Bourgis, F et al; (1999). S-methylmethionine plays a major role in phloem transport is synthesized by a novel type of methyl transferase. The Plant Cell, 11: 1485-1498. |
| [9] | Buchnan, B., W. Gruissem and R. L. Jones (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of plants. American Society of Plant Biology Publications. |
| [10] | Chandler, P. M., Higgins, T. J. V., Randall, P. J. and Spencer, D. (1983). Regulation of legumin synthesis and levels of mRNA. Pl. Physiol. 71: 47-54. |
| [11] | Chen, S. (2001). Long-Distance Phloem Transport of Glucosinolates in Arabidopsis. Pl. Physiol., 127: 194–201. |
| [12] | Chen, P et al (2018) Total 16 authors – Genetic basis of variation in rice seed storage protein (albumin, globiulin, prolamin and glutelin) content revealed by genome wide association analysis. Frontiers. Pl. Sci. 9: 612-629. |
| [13] | Collier, R. and Tegeder, M. (2012). Soybean ureide transporters play a critical role in nodule development, function and nitrogen export. The Plant Journal. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05086.x/full |
| [14] | Craig, C. L. and Weber, R. S. (1998) –Selection costs of amino acids in Col E 1 and ColI A gene clusters harbored by Escherechia coli. Molecular Biology and Evolution- 15: 774-776. |
| [15] | Casey, R. and Short, M. N. (1981). Variation in amino acid composition of legumin from Pisum. Phytochemistry, 20: 21–23. |
| [16] | Carter, A. M. and Tegeder, M. (2016). Increasing Nitrogen Fixation and Seed Development in Soybean Requires Complex Adjustments of Nodule Nitrogen Metabolism and Partitioning Processes. Current Biology, 26: 2044–2051. |
| [17] | Di Stefano, E., Agyei, D., Njoku, E. N., & Udenigwe, C. C. (2018). Plant RuBisCo: An Underutilized Protein for Food Applications. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 95: 1063–1074. |
| [18] | Davis, T. A., Nguyen, H. V., Bravo, R. G., Fiorotto, M. L., Evelyn, M. J., Lewis, S. D., D. Rick Lee, D., and Reeds, P. J. (1994) Amino acid composition of human milk is not unique. J. Nutr. 124: 1126-1132. |
| [19] | Dhawan, K. Malhotra, S. Dahiya, B. S. and Singh, D. (1991) Seed protein fractions and amino acid composition in gram (cicer arietinum) Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 41: 225-232. |
| [20] | Domoney, C., Barker, D., & Casey, R. (1986). The complete deduced amino acid sequences of legumin?-polypeptides from different genetic loci in Pisum. Plant Molecular Biology, 7: 467–474. |
| [21] | David, M Peterson, oats (second Edition) 2011. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/oat-protein |
| [22] | Hopkins, W.G., 1999. Introduction to plant physiology (No. Ed. 2). John Wiley and Sons.Encyclopedia of Grain Science (2004) – Elsevier, 472-480. |
| [23] | Fukumorita, T and Chino, M. (1982) Amino acid and inorganic contents in rice phloem sap. Plant Cell Physiol. 23: 273-283. |
| [24] | Fauteux, F. and Strömvik, M. V. (2009). Seed storage protein gene promoters contain conserved DNA motifs in Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae. BMC Plant Biology, 9: 126.-136. |
| [25] | Gacek, K., Bartkowiak-Broda, I., and Batley, J. (2018). Genetic and Molecular Regulation of Seed Storage Proteins (SSPs) to Improve Protein Nutritional Value of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Seeds. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. July 890-898. Article 890. |
| [26] | Gatehouse, J. A., Croy, R. R. D., Boulter, D. and Shewry, P. R. (1984). The synthesis and structure of pea storage proteins. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 1: 287–314. |
| [27] | González-Pérez, S. and Arellano, J. B. (2009). Vegetable protein isolates. Handbook of Hydrocolloids, 383–419. doi: 10.1533/9781845695873.383 |
| [28] | Griffiths, C. A., Paul, M. J. and Foyer, C. H. (2016). Metabolite transport and associated sugar signalling systems underpinning source/sink interactions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, 1857: 1715–1725. |
| [29] | Guerrieri, N. and Cavaletto, M. (2018). Cereals proteins. Proteins in Food Processing, 223–244. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100722-8.00009-7 |
| [30] | Gurdev S K. (2005) Green revolution: Challenges ahead. In Proceedings of the internaitonal congress “In the wake of the double helix: From the green revolution to the gene revolution” 27-31 May 2003, Bologna, Italy 37-51; Avenue Media, Bologna, Italy. |
| [31] | Hagop, E. G., Younis, S. A. and Shahatha, H. A. Proteins and amino acids of some local varieties of rice seeds (Oryza Sativa L.) (1990). Plant Food Hum Nutr 40: 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02193855 |
| [32] | Hay, R. K. M. (1995). Harvest index: a review of its use in plant breeding and crop physiology. Annals of Applied Biology, 126: 197–216. |
| [33] | Hayashi, H. and Chino, M. (1990) Chemical composition of Phloem sap from the upper most internode of the rice plant. Plant Cell Physiol. 31: 247-251. |
| [34] | Heldt, H-W., and Piechulla, B. (2011) Plant Biochemistry (Fourth Edition) Academic Press, 2011, Pages 349-357. |
| [35] | Higgins, T. J. V. (1984) Synthesis and regulation of major proteins in seeds. Ann. Rev. Pl. Physiol. 35: 191-221. |
| [36] | Hostensteiner, S., Feller, U (2002). Nitrogen metabolism and remobilization during senescence. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 927-937. |
| [37] | Huyen, T. T. T., Mui, N. V. and Bang, C. P. (2016) amino acid composition and nutritional value of seed proteins in Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) cultivars grown in Vietnam. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, Vol. 12 (5): 939-946 |
| [38] | Joost T et al (2004). Phloem Import and Storage Metabolism Are Highly Coordinated by the Low Oxygen Concentrations within Developing Wheat Seeds DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.040980 |
| [39] | Joshi, V. and Fernie, A. R. (2017). Citrulline metabolism in plants. Amino Acids, 49: 1543–1559. |
| [40] | Kapoor, A. C. and Heiner, R. E. (1982). Biochemical changes in developing wheat grains. Changes in nitrogen fractions, amino acids and nutritional quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 33: 35–40. |
| [41] | Kawakatsu, T. and Takaiwa, F. (2019). Rice proteins and essential amino acids. Rice, 109–130. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811508-4.00004-6 |
| [42] | King, J. E. and Gifford, D. J. (1997). Amino Acid Utilization in Seeds of Loblolly Pine during Germination and Early Seedling Growth (I. Arginine and Arginase Activity). Plant Physiology, 113: 1125–1135. |
| [43] | Lachlan J. P. and James C. R. Stangoulis. Changes in the Elemental and Metabolite Profile of Wheat Phloem Sap during Grain Filling Indicate a Dynamic between Plant Maturity and Time of Day (2018). Metabolites MDPI Metabolites 8: 53-64. doi: 10.3390/metabo8030053 |
| [44] | Lancien, M, Lea, P. J. and Azevado, R. A. (2007). Amino acid synthesis in plastids. In the structure and function of plastids (Eds. Wise, R. R. and Hoober, J. K) Springer, 355-385. doi-10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_18 |
| [45] | Lohaus, G., Buker, M., Hussman, M., Soave, C. and Heldt, H-W. (1998). Transport of amino acids with special emphasis on the transport of Asparagine in the Illinois high protein strains of maize. Planta, 205: 181-188. |
| [46] | Mahender, A., Anandan, A., Pradhan, S. K. and Pandit, E. (2016). Rice grain nutritional traits and their enhancement using relevant genes and QTLs through advanced approaches. Springer Plus, 5 (1). doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3744-6 |
| [47] | Mae, T. (2011). Nitrogen acquisition and its relation to growth and yield in recent high-yielding cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Japan. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 57: 625–635. |
| [48] | Mandal, S. and R. K. Mandal (2000) Seed storage proteins and approaches for improvement of their nutritional quality by genetic engineering. Curr. Sci. 79: 576-589. |
| [49] | Miranda M, Borisjuk L, Tewes A, Dietrich D, Rentsch D, Weber H and Wobus U. (2003). Peptide and amino acid transporters are differentially regulated during seed development and germination in faba bean. Plant Physiol. 132: 1950-1960. |
| [50] | Mickowska, B., Socha, P., Urminaska, D., Cieslik, E. 2012. The comparison of prolamins extracted from different varieties of wheat, barley, rye, and triticale species: Amino acid compostion, electrophoresis, and immunodetection. J. Micriobiology., biotechnology and food sciences, 1: 742-752. |
| [51] | Mohr, H. P. and Schopfer (1994). Plant Physiology. Fourth Edition. Springer Verlag. |
| [52] | Munier-Jolain, N. (2003). Can sucrose content in the phloem sap reaching field pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) be an accurate indicator of seed growth potential? Journal of Experimental Botany, 54: 2457–2465. |
| [53] | Murphy, P. A. (2008). Soybean Proteins. Soybeans, 229–267. doi: 10.1016/b978-1-893997-64-6.50011-1. |
| [54] | Ohyama, T., et al. (2017). Amino Acid Metabolism and Transport in Soybean Plants. Amino Acid - New Insights and Roles in Plant and Animal. Chapter 8: 171-196. |
| [55] | Ohyama, T. et al (2017) Amino Acid Metabolism and Transport in Soybean Plants. Chapter 8 In Amino Acid - New Insights and Roles in Plant and Animal. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.68992 |
| [56] | Okumoto, S. and Pilot, G. (2011). Amino Acid Export in Plants: A Missing Link in Nitrogen Cycling. Molecular Plant, 4: 453–463. doi: 10.1093/mp/ssr003 |
| [57] | Panda, B. B., Sekhar, S., Dash, S. K., Behera, L. andShaw, B. P. (2018). Biochemical and molecular characterisation of exogenous cytokinin application on grain filling in rice. BMC Plant Biology, 18: 89-107. |
| [58] | Pfau, T., Christian, N., Masakapalli, S. K., Sweetlove, L. J., Poolman, M. G. and Ebenhöh, O. (2018). The intertwined metabolism during symbiotic nitrogen fixation elucidated by metabolic modelling. Scientific Reports, 8 (1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30884-x |
| [59] | Pichl, I. (1976). Amino Acid Composition and Nitrogen Content of Seed Albumins and Globulins of Various Species of the Cucurbitaceae Family. Biochemie Und Physiologie Der Pflanzen, 170: 509–515. |
| [60] | Rainbird, R. M., Thorne, J. H. and Hardy, R. W. F. (1984). Role of Amides, Amino Acids, and Ureides in the Nutrition of Developing Soybean Seeds. Pl. Physiol., 74 (2), 329–334. |
| [61] | Rerie, W. G., Whitecross, M. and Higgins, T. J. V. Developmental and environmental regulation of pea legumin genes in transgenic tobacco.(1991). Molec. Gen. Genet. 225, 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282653 |
| [62] | Ricachenevsky, F. K., Vasconcelos, M. W., Shou, H., Johnson, A. A. T. and Sperotto, R. A. (2019). Editorial: Improving the Nutritional Content and Quality of Crops: Promises, Achievements, and Future Challenges. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10. Article 738-Editorial-1-4 P. |
| [63] | Rao, A. S. (2001) Chloroplast genetic engineering. Trends Biotechnol. 19: 6. |
| [64] | Rao, S. Adhikarla (2016). Conversion of C3 plants to C4 plants may lower the Rubisco amounts with negative effects on grain yield and protein concentration. J. Plant. Biochem. Biotechnol. (Springer) DOI 10.1007/s 13562-016-0379-9. |
| [65] | Rao, A. S. and Randhir Singh (1983). Theoretical approaches for reducing bioenergetic costs and enhancing plant productivity. J. Theor. Biol. 104: 113-120. |
| [66] | Rao, A. S. and Randhir Singh (1986). Improving grain protein quality by genetic engineering: some biochemical considerations. Trends Biotechnol, May 108-109. |
| [67] | Rao, A. S. and Randhir Singh (1988). Ureide metabolism in nodulated egumes. In-Advances in frontier areas of plant biochemistry—Prentice –Hall of India, New Delhi, 281-316. |
| [68] | Rao, A. S. (2019) eLetter, Science 21 March eaat9077–Further appraisal of photorespiratory glycolate glycolate diversion. In response to Paul, F et al. 2019. Synthetic glycolate metabolism pathways stimulate crop growth and productivity in the field. 04th Jan 2019 363: 96422) eaat9077 |
| [69] | Rentsch, D; Susanne Schmidt, S; and Tegeder, M. (2007). Transporters for uptake and allocation of organic nitrogen compounds in plants. FEBS Letters 581: 2281–2289. |
| [70] | Schubert, K. R. (1986). Products of Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Higher Plants: Synthesis, Transport, and Metabolism. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 37; 539–574. |
| [71] | Sevindik, E. (2017). Amino Acids Sequence Based in Silico Analysis of RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5 Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase) Proteins in Some Carthamus L. ssp. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 9: 204-208. |
| [72] | Shewry, P. R., Tatham, A. S. and Halford, N. G. (2001). Plant Growth Regulation, 34: 105–111. |
| [73] | Shewry, P. R. (1995). Seed Storage Proteins: Structures and Biosynthesis. The Plant Cell Online, 7: 945–956. |
| [74] | Shewry, P. R., & Halford, N. G. (2002). Cereal seed storage proteins: structures, properties and role in grain utilization. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53: 947–958. |
| [75] | Shitan, N. (2016). Secondary metabolites in plants: transport and self-tolerance mechanisms. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 80: 1283- 1293. doi: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1151344 |
| [76] | Simpson, R. J. and Dalling, M. J. (1981). Nitrogen Redistribution during Grain Growth in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): III. Planta, 151: 447–456. |
| [77] | Simpson, R. J., Lambers, H. and Dalling, M. J. (1983). Nitrogen Redistribution during Grain Growth in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): IV. Development of a Quantitative Model of the Translocation of Nitrogen to the Grain. Pl. Physiol. 71: 7–14. |
| [78] | Smith, C. R., Shekleton, M. C., Wolff, I. A. and Jones, Q. (1959). Seed protein sources—Amino acid composition and total protein content of various plant seeds. Economic Botany, 13: 132–150. |
| [79] | Takuji Ohyama, Norikuni Ohtake, Kuni Sueyoshi, Yuki Ono, Kotaro Tsutsumi, Manabu Ueno, Sayuri Tanabata, Takashi Sato and Yoshihiko Takahashi (2017). Amino Acid Metabolism and Transport in Soybean--New Insights and Roles in Plant and Animal. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68992 |
| [80] | Taiz, Li. And Zeigler, E. (2010). Plant Physiology, 5th Edition, Sin aver associates, Publishers, Inc. |
| [81] | Tan, Q., Zhang, L., Grant., Cooper., and Tegeder, M. (2010). Increased phloem transport of S-methylmethionine positively affects sulfur and nitrogen metabolism and seed development in pea plants. Plant Physiol. 154: 1886-1896. |
| [82] | Tegeder, M.(2014). Transporters involved in source to sink partitioning of amino acids and ureides: opportunities for crop improvement. J. Exp. Bot. 65: 1865–1878. |
| [83] | Tegeder, M., & Masclaux-Daubresse, C. (2017). Source and sink mechanisms of nitrogen transport and use. New Phytologist, 217 (1), 35–53. doi: 10.1111/nph.14876 |
| [84] | Tsai, C. Y., Huber, D. M. and Warren, H. L. (1980) A proposed role of zein and glutelin as N sinks in maize. Pl. Physiol. 66: 330-333. |
| [85] | Unkovich, M., Baldock, J., & Forbes, M. (2010). Variability in Harvest Index of Grain Crops and Potential Significance for Carbon Accounting. Advances in Agronomy, 173–219. |
| [86] | VanEtten, C. H., Miller, R. W., Wolff, I. A., & Jones, Q. (1963). Nutrients in Seeds, Amino Acid Composition of Seeds from 200 Angiospermous Plant Species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 11: 399–410. |
| [87] | Van Dongen, J. T. (2004). Phloem Import and Storage Metabolism Are Highly Coordinated by the Low Oxygen Concentrations within Developing Wheat Seeds. Pl. Physiol., 135: 1809–1821. |
| [88] | VanEtten C. H., Wolff I. A., Jones Q. and Miller R. W. (1963). Amino acid composition of seeds from 200 angiospermous plant species. J. Agric. Food Chem. 11, 399–410. |
| [89] | Verdier, J. and Thompson, R. D. (2008). Transcriptional Regulation of Storage Protein Synthesis During Dicotyledon Seed Filling. Plant and Cell Physiology, 49: 1263–1271. |
| [90] | Wang, T. L. Can we improve the nutritional quality of legume seeds ? Pl. Physiol. 131: 886-891. |
| [91] | Wink, M. (2010) Introduction: Biochemistry, Physiology and Ecological Functions of Secondary Metabolites. Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Annual Plant Reviews—40: 1–19. doi: 10.1002/9781444320503.ch1. |
| [92] | Wang, T. L., Claire Domoney, C., Hedley, C. L. Rod Casey, and Grusak, M. A. (2003). Can We Improve the Nutritional Quality of Legume Seeds? Pl. Physiol. 131: 886–891. |
| [93] | Winter, G., Todd, C. D., Trovato, M., Forlani, G. and Funck, D. (2015). Physiological implications of arginine metabolism in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. Article 534. |
| [94] | Wobus, U., 2003. Peptide and amino acid transporters are differentially regulated during seed development and germination in faba bean. Plant Physiol. 132, 1950-1960. |
| [95] | Yaregal Damtie, Y. (2019). A Review of Improving The protein Quality with the Composition of Quality Traits of Maize (Zea mays L.) Grain and Possible Breeding Techniques. Asian journal of plant science and research, 9: 1-12. |
| [96] | Yamagata, H., Sugimoto, T., Tanaka, K. and Kasai, Z. (1982) Biosynthesis of storage proteins in developing rice seeds. Pl. Physiol. 70: 1094-1100. |
| [97] | Zhang, L., Garneau, M. G., Majumdar, R., Grant, J. and Tegeder, M. (2014). Improvement of pea biomass and seed productivity by simultaneous increase of phloem and embryo loading with amino acids. The Plant Journal, 81: 134–146. |
| [98] | Zhang, N., Chen, F., Huo, W. and Cui, D. (2015). Proteomic analysis of middle and late stages of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain development. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. Article 735 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00735 |
| [99] | Zheng, T. et al. (2018). Mechanisms of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain storage proteins in response to nitrogen application and its impacts on processing quality. Scientific Reports, 8: 11928. |
APA Style
Adhikarla Suryanarayana Rao. (2020). Further Understanding of Metabolic Processes for Crop Improvement – An Integrated Approach with Reference to Deprived and Developed Countries. Plant, 8(2), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20200802.11
ACS Style
Adhikarla Suryanarayana Rao. Further Understanding of Metabolic Processes for Crop Improvement – An Integrated Approach with Reference to Deprived and Developed Countries. Plant. 2020, 8(2), 17-30. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20200802.11
AMA Style
Adhikarla Suryanarayana Rao. Further Understanding of Metabolic Processes for Crop Improvement – An Integrated Approach with Reference to Deprived and Developed Countries. Plant. 2020;8(2):17-30. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20200802.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.plant.20200802.11,
author = {Adhikarla Suryanarayana Rao},
title = {Further Understanding of Metabolic Processes for Crop Improvement – An Integrated Approach with Reference to Deprived and Developed Countries},
journal = {Plant},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {17-30},
doi = {10.11648/j.plant.20200802.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20200802.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.plant.20200802.11},
abstract = {Food deficiency, particularly protein-calorie malnutrition is a concern in many countries in Africa and Asia. An exhaustive survey of recent research efforts to alleviate the problem has been made. A due appraisal of the existing information has been given. Appraisal and critical analysis of the existing information has been discussed with reference to: techniques and methodology employed to understand and manipulate metabolism; inter-relationships between different nutrient sources, translocation of water and nutrients and utilization by different sinks; biochemical composition of seeds; seed storage protein fractions; amino acid deficiencies and human nutrition; inorganic nitrogen assimilation; symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation; ammonia assimilation; amide versus ureide transport; composition of xylem and phloem saps; biochemical changes during leaf senescence; metabolic reworking of amino acids; cell division and cell expansion during seed development; determinate and indeterminate cultivars; crop performance under varying cultural and environmental conditions; harvest index; yield compensatory mechanisms; combining conventional and modern approaches and complementation of agriculture with animal husbandry. Based on the existing data, possible ways of future planning have been highlighted. Need for public and national awareness has been emphasized with respect to assessing priorities of nutritional needs; resorting to complementary/supplementary food items; recommended daily dietary requirements; increased utilization of land towards agriculture and /or animal husbandry and the need for international aid.},
year = {2020}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Further Understanding of Metabolic Processes for Crop Improvement – An Integrated Approach with Reference to Deprived and Developed Countries AU - Adhikarla Suryanarayana Rao Y1 - 2020/06/17 PY - 2020 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20200802.11 DO - 10.11648/j.plant.20200802.11 T2 - Plant JF - Plant JO - Plant SP - 17 EP - 30 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2331-0677 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20200802.11 AB - Food deficiency, particularly protein-calorie malnutrition is a concern in many countries in Africa and Asia. An exhaustive survey of recent research efforts to alleviate the problem has been made. A due appraisal of the existing information has been given. Appraisal and critical analysis of the existing information has been discussed with reference to: techniques and methodology employed to understand and manipulate metabolism; inter-relationships between different nutrient sources, translocation of water and nutrients and utilization by different sinks; biochemical composition of seeds; seed storage protein fractions; amino acid deficiencies and human nutrition; inorganic nitrogen assimilation; symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation; ammonia assimilation; amide versus ureide transport; composition of xylem and phloem saps; biochemical changes during leaf senescence; metabolic reworking of amino acids; cell division and cell expansion during seed development; determinate and indeterminate cultivars; crop performance under varying cultural and environmental conditions; harvest index; yield compensatory mechanisms; combining conventional and modern approaches and complementation of agriculture with animal husbandry. Based on the existing data, possible ways of future planning have been highlighted. Need for public and national awareness has been emphasized with respect to assessing priorities of nutritional needs; resorting to complementary/supplementary food items; recommended daily dietary requirements; increased utilization of land towards agriculture and /or animal husbandry and the need for international aid. VL - 8 IS - 2 ER -
Email: